Globalization: An Analytical Framework

The paradigm example of globalization is the global integration of financial markets. Globalization has significant implications for New Zealand--a small island nation far from the centers of world capital--that flow from the particular characteristics of New Zealand\u27s economy. In order to sustain current levels of economic growth, the New Zealand government has adopted a liberal policy to attractf oreign capital. In the future, a major taskf or New Zealand is to align further the internal logic of the deregulatory process as expressed in domestic legislation with an international environment in which domestic economies are more globally integrated. This article argues that the concept of globalization provides a new analytical framework for accomplishing that task. The article commences by identifying different meanings of globalization and key drivers in the globalization of the financial markets. Because globalization is an ambiguous concept, the second half of the paper attempts to sharpen understanding of the concept by considering concrete instances in which globalization has affected New Zealand. Examples provided are: the crash of 1987; the improvement of New Zealand\u27s international investment position through a noticeable increase in foreign investment; capital shortage; capital flight; political debate in New Zealand; New Zealand\u27s tax treatment of foreign investors; and exemptions for foreign issuers. Here, it is argued that as far as domestic policymakers are concerned, globalization demands, first, a clear set ofpriorities in the particular area (a microscopic view), and, second, a global view of the subject matter (a macroscopic view).The article concludes by suggesting n analyticalf rameworkf or domestic policymakers and legislators addressing globalizationissues. Complex systems can be viewed as the subject of macroscopic knowledge; hence, globalization can be characterized as macroscopic knowledge since it is complex, conceptual, and fuzzy. By contrast, domestic legislation can be characterized as microscopic knowledge; i.e.,focused on one domain in which there is little or no contradiction.On this view, globalization can be used as a tool to examine the context of any given domestic legislation, thereby enriching our understanding of specific legislation by introducing dynamic and predictive criteria. The concept of globalization radiates the possibility of a new analytical framework for policymakers. Coupled with the macroscopic/microscopic viewpoint, it enables us to avoid the pitfall of domestic introspection by introducing criteria of internal and external coherence. Internal coherence asks whether a proposed domestic policy is congruent with policy in related areas. For example, is there regulatory symmetry between domestic legislation in taxation, securities, and foreign investment areas? External coherence asks the globalization question: How should domestic legislation reflect change in the international context

Globalization: An Analytical Framework

The paradigm example of globalization is the global integration of financial markets. Globalization has significant implications for New Zealand--a small island nation far from the centers of world capital--that flow from the particular characteristics of New Zealand\u27s economy. In order to sustain current levels of economic growth, the New Zealand government has adopted a liberal policy to attractf oreign capital. In the future, a major taskf or New Zealand is to align further the internal logic of the deregulatory process as expressed in domestic legislation with an international environment in which domestic economies are more globally integrated. This article argues that the concept of globalization provides a new analytical framework for accomplishing that task. The article commences by identifying different meanings of globalization and key drivers in the globalization of the financial markets. Because globalization is an ambiguous concept, the second half of the paper attempts to sharpen understanding of the concept by considering concrete instances in which globalization has affected New Zealand. Examples provided are: the crash of 1987; the improvement of New Zealand\u27s international investment position through a noticeable increase in foreign investment; capital shortage; capital flight; political debate in New Zealand; New Zealand\u27s tax treatment of foreign investors; and exemptions for foreign issuers. Here, it is argued that as far as domestic policymakers are concerned, globalization demands, first, a clear set ofpriorities in the particular area (a microscopic view), and, second, a global view of the subject matter (a macroscopic view).The article concludes by suggesting n analyticalf rameworkf or domestic policymakers and legislators addressing globalizationissues. Complex systems can be viewed as the subject of macroscopic knowledge; hence, globalization can be characterized as macroscopic knowledge since it is complex, conceptual, and fuzzy. By contrast, domestic legislation can be characterized as microscopic knowledge; i.e.,focused on one domain in which there is little or no contradiction.On this view, globalization can be used as a tool to examine the context of any given domestic legislation, thereby enriching our understanding of specific legislation by introducing dynamic and predictive criteria. The concept of globalization radiates the possibility of a new analytical framework for policymakers. Coupled with the macroscopic/microscopic viewpoint, it enables us to avoid the pitfall of domestic introspection by introducing criteria of internal and external coherence. Internal coherence asks whether a proposed domestic policy is congruent with policy in related areas. For example, is there regulatory symmetry between domestic legislation in taxation, securities, and foreign investment areas? External coherence asks the globalization question: How should domestic legislation reflect change in the international context

Contrasting Regulation of Catecholamine Neurotransmission in the Behaving Brain: Pharmacological Insights from an Electrochemical Perspective

Catecholamine neurotransmission plays a key role in regulating a variety of behavioral and physiologic processes, and its dysregulation is implicated in both neurodegenerative and neuropsychiatric disorders. Over the last four decades, in vivo electrochemistry has enabled the discovery of contrasting catecholamine regulation in the brain. These rapid and spatially resolved measurements have been conducted in brain slices, and in anesthetized and freely behaving animals. In this review, we describe the methods enabling in vivo measurements of dopamine and norepinephrine, and subsequent findings regarding their release and regulation in intact animals. We thereafter discuss key studies in awake animals, demonstrating that these catecholamines are not only differentially regulated, but are released in opposition of each other during appetitive and aversive stimuli

Supraesophageal Reflux Disease: Solving a Riddle Wrapped in a Mystery Inside an Enigma

Copyright © 2015 AGA Institute. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. This manuscript version is made available under the CC-BY-NC-ND 4.0 license http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0

Draft Genome Sequences of 15 Isolates of Listeria monocytogenes Serotype 1/2a, Subgroup ST204

Listeria monocytogenes sequence type 204 (ST204) strains have been isolated from a range of food, environmental, and clinical sources in Australia. This study describes the draft genome sequences of 15 isolates collected from meat and dairy associated sources

Structural Diversity in Cyclometalated Diiridium(III) Complexes with Bridging syn and anti μ2‐Oxamidato and μ2‐Dithioxamidato Ligands

Six new diiridium complexes containing 2-methyl-6-phenylpyridyl as the cyclometalating ligand with a μ2-oxamidato or a μ2-dithioxamidato ligand as the bridge have been synthesized in 60–73 % yields. These complexes were revealed by multinuclear NMR spectroscopy to contain inseparable mixtures of diastereomers (rac, ΔΔ/ΛΛ and meso, ΔΛ) with bridges in anti and syn configurations. The remarkable variety of isomers present was confirmed by X-ray crystallography on single crystals grown from mixtures of each complex. In one complex with a N,N’-bis(4-trifluoromethylphenyl)-μ2-oxamidato bridge, two single crystals of anti and syn isomers were structurally determined. Two single crystals of the μ2-dithioxamidato bridge complex were found to contain rac and meso forms of the syn isomer. Hybrid DFT computations on the four isomers of each diiridium complex revealed negligible energetic preferences for one isomer despite the methyl groups in the 2-methyl-6-phenylpyridyl cyclometalating ligands being close to the neighboring methyl groups and the bridge, thus supporting the experimental findings of isomer mixtures. Two distinct broad emissions with maxima at 522–529 nm and at 689–701 nm observed in these complexes in dichloromethane are attributed to mixed metal-ligand to ligand charge transfer (MLLCT) excited states involving the pyridyl and bridge moieties respectively with the aid of electronic structure computations

A programme for risk assessment and minimisation of progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy developed for vedolizumab clinical trials

Introduction Over the past decade, the potential for drug-associated progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy (PML) has become an increasingly important consideration in certain drug development programmes, particularly those of immunomodulatory biologics. Whether the risk of PML with an investigational agent is proven (e.g. extrapolated from relevant experience, such as a class effect) or merely theoretical, the serious consequences of acquiring PML require careful risk minimisation and assessment. No single standard for such risk minimisation exists. Vedolizumab is a recently developed monoclonal antibody to α4β7 integrin. Its clinical development necessitated a dedicated PML risk minimisation assessment as part of a global preapproval regulatory requirement. Objective The aim of this study was to describe the multiple risk minimisation elements that were incorporated in vedolizumab clinical trials in inflammatory bowel disease patients as part of the risk assessment and minimisation of PML programme for vedolizumab. Methods A case evaluation algorithm was developed for sequential screening and diagnostic evaluation of subjects who met criteria that indicated a clinical suspicion of PML. An Independent Adjudication Committee provided an independent, unbiased opinion regarding the likelihood of PML. Results Although no cases were detected, all suspected PML events were thoroughly reviewed and successfully adjudicated, making it unlikely that cases were missed. Conclusion We suggest that this programme could serve as a model for pragmatic screening for PML during the clinical development of new drugs

Cross-hemispheric dopamine projections have functional significance

Decades of research have described dopamine’s importance in reward-seeking behavior and motor control. Although numerous investigations have focused on dopamine’s mechanisms in modulating behavior, the long-standing belief that dopamine neurons project solely unilaterally has limited the exploration of interhemispheric dopamine signaling. Here we resolve disparate descriptions of unilateral vs. bilateral projections by reporting that dopamine neurons can release dopamine in the contralateral hemisphere. Using voltammetry in awake and anesthetized rats, we reveal an unprecedented synchrony of dopamine fluctuations between hemispheres. Via stimulation with amphetamine, we demonstrate functional cross-hemispheric projections in a hemiparkinsonian model. This previously undescribed capacity for interhemispheric dopamine signaling can precipitate new areas of inquiry. Future work may exploit properties of bilateral dopamine release to improve treatments for Parkinson’s disease, including deep brain stimulation

Natural Analogue Constraints on Europa's Non-ice surface Material

Non-icy material on the surface of Jupiter’s moon Europa is hypothesised to have originated from its subsurface ocean, and thus provide a record of ocean composition and habitability. The nature of this material is debated, but observations suggest that it comprises hydrated sulfate and chloride salts. Analogue spectroscopic studies have previously focused on single phase salts under controlled laboratory conditions. We investigated natural salts from perennially cold (<0 °C) hypersaline springs, and characterised their reflectance properties at 100 K, 253 K and 293 K. Despite similar major ion chemistry, these springs form mineralogically diverse deposits, which when measured at 100 K closely match reflectance spectra from Europa. In the most sulfate-rich samples, we find spectral features predicted from laboratory salts are obscured. Our data are consistent with sulfate-dominated europan non-icy material, and further, show that the emplacement of endogenic sulfates on Europa’s surface would not preclude a chloride-dominated ocean